Credits

Concept, research and writing of exhibit
by Cory Bernat.

Planning, design and coding of online exhibit by Cory Bernat.

E-mail Cory feedback about exhibit content or the website: 1goodpotato (at) gmail.com

Generous access to the posters of the Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library granted by Susan Fugate and her staff.

Poster images used with permission from the Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library. Contact NAL's Special Collections for reproductions or questions about their holdings.



Footnotes


1. George Creel, How We Advertised America (1920; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1972), 133.

2. John S. Pardee quoted by Maxcy Robson Dickson, The Food Front in World War I (Washington, D.C.: American Council of Public Affairs, 1944), 26.

3. Woodrow Wilson statement on the Lever Bill quoted in New York Times, May 20, 1917, section 1, p. 1.

4. George Nash, The Life of Herbert Hoover: Master of Emergencies 1917-1918 (New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1996), 45-6.

5. Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity 1920-1940 (Berkeley: UC Press, 1985), 153.

6. George Creel, How We Advertised America (1920; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1972), 4-5.

7. Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order 1877-1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), 181.

8. Herbert Hoover quoted by Maxcy Robson Dickson, The Food Front in World War I (Washington, D.C.: American Council of Public Affairs, 1944), 15.

9. Harvey Levenstein, Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 138.

10. Deborah Fitzgerald, Every Farm a Factory: The Industrial Ideal in American Agriculture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 35.

11. Reprinted in Creel, How We Advertised America, 140-1.

12. Maxcy Robson Dickson, The Food Front in World War I (Washington, D.C.: American Council of Public Affairs, 1944), 26.

13. Uncredited photograph linked by Michael Leven, "Cigar Store Promoting World War I Gardens," http://www.cityfarmer.info/2009/12/03/cigar-store-promoting-world-war-i-gardens/ (accessed December 2009).

14. Robert S. Lynd, “The Consumer Becomes a 'Problem,'” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 173 (May) 1934): 4.

15. See "Our History: 1930s," consumerreports.org website, http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/aboutus/history/printable/index.htm (accessed March 2009).

16. Quoted by T. Jackson Lears, Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America (New York: Harper Collins, 1994), 243.

17. Neil Lerner quoted in Joseph Horowitz, liner notes, The Plow that Broke the Plains and The River: The Original Pare Lorentz films with newly recorded soundtracks of the classic scores by Virgil Thompson, DVD (K&A Productions Ltd., 2007).

18. Marvin Heiferman, “Everywhere, All the Time, for Everybody,” in Image World (New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1989), 24.

19. R. Douglas Hurt, American Agriculture (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994), 290-1.
See also Bill Ganzel, “New Deal Farm Laws,” http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/water_10.html (accessed December 2009).

20. Young & Rubicon, Inc., How to Make Posters That Will Help Win the War: Recommendations for the National Advisory Council on Government Posters of the Graphics Division, Office of Facts and Figures, Washington D.C.. New York: Young & Rubicon, Inc., 1942.

21. Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity 1920-1940 (Berkeley: UC Press, 1985), 152-3.

22. See Robert Griffith, “The Selling of America: The Advertising Council and American Politics, 1942-1960,” The Business History Review 57, n. 3 (Autumn, 1983).

23. William Golden quoted by Cipe Pineles Golden, Kurt Weihs, and Robert Strunsky, eds., The Visual Craft of William Golden (New York: George Braziller, 1962), 61.

24. See Meg Jacobs, “'How About Some Meat?': The Office of Price Administration, Consumption Politics, and State Building from the Bottom Up, 1941-1946,” The Journal of American History 84, No. 3 (Dec., 1997).

25. Francis Brennan letter to Elmer Davis, 6 April 1943, general corresp., folder: D 1941-43, box 1, Pringle papers, LC, cited in Fox, Madison Avenue Goes to War, 52.

26. Roland Barthes, Mythologies, Trans. Annette Lavers. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1972), 143.

27. See Stuart Murray and James McCabe, Norman Rockwell's Four Freedoms: Images That Inspire a Nation (Stockbridge, MA: Berkshire House, 1993).

28. Elmer Davis, “War Information,” War Information and Censorship (Washington, D.C.: American Council on Pubic Affairs, 1943), 45.

29. Judith Russell and Renee Fantin, Studies in Food Rationing (Washington, D.C.: Office of Temporary Controls, Office of Price Administration, 1947), 86-87.

30. R. Douglas Hurt, American Agriculture (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994), 276.

31. See William L. Bird and Harry R. Rubenstein, Design for Victory: World War II Posters on the American Home Front (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1998), ch.3.

32. Amy Bentley, Eating for Victory: Food Rationing and the Politics of Domesticity (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 38, chapters 1-3.
See also Maureen Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender, and Propaganda During World War II (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984).

33. Susan B. Anthony II quoted by Amy Bentley, Eating for Victory: Food Rationing and the Politics of Domesticity (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 41-42.

34. Stephanie A. Carpenter, On the Farm Front: The Women's Land Army in World War II (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003), 4.


BIBLIOGRAPHY


ADVERTISING HISTORY / CONSUMERISM

Bernat, Cory. “Nina Katchadourian's Genealogy of the Supermarket.” Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture.Vol. 8, No. 4 (2008), 7-9.

Bird, William L. Better Living: Advertising, Media, and the New Vocabulary of Business Leadership, 1935-1955. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1999.

Bogart, Michele H. Artists, Advertising, and the Borders of Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Consumers Union of U.S., Inc. “Our History.” http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/aboutus/history/printable/index.htm (June 2008)

Cross, Gary. An All-Consuming Century: Why Commercialism Won In Modern America. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

Elliot, Stuart. “Another Wave of Patriotic Marketing.” New York Times, 27 March 2003.

Fox, Frank W. Madison Avenue Goes to War: The Strange Military Career of American Advertising, 1941-1945. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1975.

Lears, Jackson. Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America. New York: Harper Collins, 1994.

Marchand, Roland. Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

Qualter, Terence H. Advertising and Democracy in the Mass Age. New York: St. Martin's, 1991.

Schudson, Michael. Advertising, the Uneasy Persuasion: Its Dubious Impact on American Society. New York: Basic Books, 1984.

Stole, Inger. Advertising on Trial: Consumer Activism and Corporate Public Relations in the 1930s. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2006.

Strasser, Susan. Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market. New York: Pantheon Books, 1989.

Strasser, Susan, ed. Commodifying Everything: Relationships of the Market. New York: Routledge, 2003.

Twitchell, James B. Adcult USA: The Triumph of Advertising in American Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.

Webb , James Young. The Diary of an Ad Man: The War Years June 1, 1942-December 31, 1943. Chicago: Advertising Publications, Inc., 1944.

Williamson, Judith. Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising. London: Boyars, 1978.

Yang, Mei-ling. “Creating the Kitchen Patriot: Media Promotion of Food Rationing and Nutrition Campaigns on the American Home Front During World War II.” American Journalism 22, no. 3 (2005), 55-75.

ART OF THE POSTER / WAR POSTERS / GRAPHIC DESIGN

Baker, Stephen. Visual Persuasion. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.

Bird, William L. and Harry R. Rubenstein. Design for Victory: World War II Posters on the American Home Front. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1998.

Fern, Alan M. “The American Poster 1930-1945.” In Word and Image: Posters from the Collection of The Museum of Modern Art. Edited by Constantine, Mildred. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1968.

Crawford, Anthony R. Posters of World I and World War II in the George C. Marshall Research Foundation. Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1979.

Friedman, Mildred, et al. Graphic Design in America: A Visual History. New York: Harry N. Abrams for Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, 1989.

Golden, Cipe Pineles, Kurt Weihs, and Robert Strunsky, eds., The Visual Craft of William Golden. New York: George Braziller, 1962.

Harper, Paula. War, Revolution and Peace Propaganda Posters From the Hoover Institution Archives 1914-1945. Stanford, CA: Stanford University, 197-(date unknown).

Heller, Steven. Graphic Style: From Victorian to Post-modern. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988.

Heller, Steven. “Advertising: The Mother of Graphic Design.” In Graphic Design History. Edited by Steven Heller and Georgette Balance, 295-302. New York: Allworth Press, 2001.

Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons, third ed., 1998.

Metzl, Ervine. The Poster: Its History and Its Art. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1963.

Murray, Stuart and James McCabe. Norman Rockwell's Four Freedoms: Images That Inspire a Nation. Stockbridge, MA: Berkshire House, 1993.

Rawls, Walton. Wake Up, America! World War I and the American Poster. New York: Abeville Press, 1998.

Remington, Roger R. Lester Beal: Trailblazer of American Graphic Design. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996.

Sappol, Michael. An Iconography of Contagion: An Exhibition of 20th-Century Health Posters from the Collection of the National Library of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2008.

Schnapp, Jeffery. Revolutionary Tides: The Art of the Political Poster, 1914-1989. Milan: Skira Editore, 2005.

Timmers, Margaret, ed. The Power of the Poster. London: V&A Publications, 1998.

William Hayes Ackland Memorial Art Center. WWI Propaganda Posters: A Selection from the Bowman Gray Collection. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1969.

ARCHIVAL SOURCES

Adams, George Plimpton. War Time Price Control. Washington D.C.: American Council on Public Affairs, 1942.

Anthony, Susan B., II. Out of the Kitchen—Into War: Women's Winning Role in the Nation's Drama. New York: Stephen Day, 1943.

Bartleby, Joseph C. A Study of Price Control by the United States Food Administration. Gettysburg: Gettysburg Compiler Print, 1922.

Davis, Elmer Holmes. Food Rationing and the War: An Address by Mr. Elmer Davis on 27 December 1942. 1942. Reprint, Washington, DC: Office of War Information, 1943.

Davis, Elmer Holmes and Byron Price. War Information and Censorship. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Pubic Affairs, 1943.

Dickson, Maxcy Robson. The Food Front in World War I. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Public Affairs, 1944.

Lewin, Kurt. “Forces Behind Food Habits and Methods of Change.” In The Problems of Changing Food Habits. Bulletin of the National Research Council, no. 108. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, October 1943.

McCamy, James L. Government Publicity: Its Practice in Federal Administration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939.

Mullendore, William Clinton. History of the United States Food Administration, 1917-1919. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press: 1941.

Russell, Judith and Renee Fantin. Studies in Food Rationing. Washington, D.C.: Office of Temporary Controls, Office of Price Administration, 1947.

Thoma, Katherine M. Food in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 1933.

United States. Office of War Information. How to Make and Reproduce Posters. New York: Office of War Information, Bureau of Graphics and Printing, 1943.

_____. Poster Handbook—A Plan for Displaying Official War Posters. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1943.

_____. Food Rationing and the War: An Address by Mr. Elmer Davis on December, 27, 1942. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1943.

_____. Battle Stations for All: The Story of the Fight to Control Living Costs. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1943.

United States. Office of War Information. Bureau of Motion Pictures. A List of U.S. War Information Films. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1943.

United States. Office of Program Coordination, Office of War Information and the War Food Administration in cooperation with the Office of Price Administration. “Food Fights for Freedom: Information Program For the Use of Media Presenting Information to the Public.“ Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943.

_____. The US Government Campaign to Promote the Production, Sharing and Proper Use of Food: The Conservation of Food in the Home. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1943.

United States. Department of Agriculture. War Food Administration. Democracy Means All of Us: How Communities Can Organize to Study and Meet Community Needs with Special Suggestions for Developing Nutrition Programs in Wartime. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1943.

Ware, Caroline. The Consumer Goes to War. New York: Funk and Wagnells, 1942.

Webb , James Young. The Diary of an Ad Man: The War Years June 1, 1942-December 31, 1943. Chicago: Advertising Publications, Inc., 1944.

Young & Rubicon, Inc., How to Make Posters That Will Help Win the War: Recommendations for the National Advisory Council on Government Posters of the Graphics Division, Office of Facts and Figures, Washington D.C.. New York: Young & Rubicon, Inc., 1942.

FOOD STUDIES / FOOD HISTORY & THEORY

Avakian, Arlene Voski and Barbara Haber, eds. From Betty Crocker to Feminist Food Studies: Critical Perspectives on Women and Food. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005.

Belasco, Warren. Appetite for Change: How the Counterculture Took on the Food Industry. New York, Pantheon, 1989.

Belasco, Warren. Meals to Come: A History of the Future of Food. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.

Belasco, Warren and Philip Scranton, eds. Food Nations: Selling Taste in Consumer Societies. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Bentley, Amy. Eating for Victory: Food Rationing and the Politics of Domesticity. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.

Berry, Wendell. The Unsettling of America: Culture & Agriculture. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1977.

Counihan, Carole M. and Penny Van Esterik, eds. Food and Culture: A Reader. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Cummings, Richard Osborn. The American and His Food: A History of Food Habits in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 1941.

Cullather, Nick. “The Foreign Policy of the Calorie.” The American Historical Review. Vol. 112, No 2.

Curtin, Deane W. and Lisa M. Heldke. Cooking, Eating, Thinking: Transformative Philosophies of Food. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992.

Davis, Carol and Etta Saltos. “Dietary recommendations and How They Have Changed Over Time.” USDA/ERS, AIB-750.

Douglas, Mary. In the Active Voice. London: Routledge, 1982.

Du Puis, Melanie E. “Angels and Vegetables: A Brief History of Food Advice in America.” Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture.Vol. 7, No. 3 (2007), 34-44.

Fitzgerald, Deborah. Every Farm a Factory: The Industrial Ideal in American Agriculture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.

Levenstein, Harvey. Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Levenstein, Harvey. Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Mintz, Sydney W. Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. New York: Penguin, 1986.

Nestle, Marion. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

Parasecoli, Fabio. Bite Me: Food in Popular Culture. London: Berg, 2008.

Parkin, Katherine. Food Is Love: Food Advertising and Gender Roles in Modern America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.

Shapiro, Laura. Perfection Salad: Women and Cooking at the Turn of the Century. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1986.

Veit, Helen Zoe. “We Were a Soft People: Ascetism, Self-Discipline and American Food Conservation in the First World War.” Food, Culture and Society 10, no. 2 (2007): 167-190.

PROPAGANDA

Barson, Michael and Steven Heller. The Commie Menace in Propaganda and Popular Culture. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2001.

Clark, Toby. Art and Propaganda in the Twentieth Century: the Political Image in the Age of Mass Culture. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1997.

Creel, George. How We Advertised America. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1920.

Ellul, Jaques. Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. New York: Knopf, 1965.

Jowett, Garth and Victoria O'Donell. Propaganda and Persuasion. 3d ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999.

Morris, Errol. “Photography as a Weapon.” New York Times, 11 August 2008. http://morris.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/photography-as-a-weapon/

Nunberg, Geoffrey. “Freedom: More Than Just Another Word for Nothing Left to Lose.” New York Times, 24 March 2003.

Philippe, Robert. Political Graphics: Art as a Weapon. New York: Abbeville Press, 1982.

Weinberg, Sydney. “What to Tell America: The Writer's Quarrel in the Office of War Information.” The Journal of American History 55, no. 1 (1968), 73-89.

Winkler, Allan M. The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942-1945. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.

Zeman, Zbynek. Selling the War: Art and Propaganda in World War II. London: Orbis Books, 1978.

VISUAL STUDIES / VISUAL CULTURE

Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Trans. Annette Lavers. New York: Hill and Wang, 1972.

Barthes, Roland. “The Rhetoric of the Image,” in Jessica Evans and Stuart Hall, eds., Visual Culture: The Reader. London: Sage in association with the Open University, 1999.

Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. London: British Broadcasting Corporation and Penguin Books, 1972.

Boorstin, Daniel. The Image: or What Happened to the American Dream. New York: Atheneum, 1962.

Gowans, Alan. Learning to See: Historical Perspectives on Modern Popular / Commercial Arts. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1981.

Harris, Neil. “Iconography and Intellectual History: The Half-Tone Effect.” In Cultural Excursions: Marketing Appetites and Cultural Tastes in Modern America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990: 304-17.

Heiferman, Marvin. “Everywhere, All the Time, for Everybody.” In Image World: Art and Media Culture. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1989.

Jussim, Estelle. Visual Communication and the Graphic Arts: Photographic Technologies in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Bowker, 1974.

Kress, Gunther and Theo van Leeuwen, “Reading Images,” in Paul Cobley, ed., The Communication Theory Reader. London: Routledge, 1996.

McAlister, Melani. “After 9/11: Images of Us.” http://www.uwgb.edu/teachingushistory/images/2004_lectures/mcalister_after_911.pdf (accessed 2007).

Mitchell, W. J. Thomas. What Do Pictures Want? The Lives and Loves of Images. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

Roeder, George. The Censored War: American Visual Experience during World War Two. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.

Schroeder, Jonathan E. Visual Consumption. London: Routledge, 2002.

Solomon, Deborah. “Once Again, Patriotic Themes Ring True as Art.” New York Times. 29 October 2001.

Staniszewski, Mary Anne. The Power of Display: a History of Exhibition Installations at the Museum of Modern Art. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998.

Tufte, Edward. Beautiful Evidence. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press, 2006.

Wenders, Wim. The Logic of Images: Essays and Conversations. Translated by Michael Hofmann. London: Faber and Faber, 1991.

WARTIMES & HOME FRONT / SOCIAL HISTORIES

Anderson, Karen. Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981.

Badger, Anthony J. The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933-40. London: Macmillan, 1989.

Bartels, Andrew H. “The Office of Price Administration and the Legacy of the New Deal, 1939-1946.” The Public Historian 5, n. 3 (Summer, 1983): 5-29.

Blum, John Morton. V was for Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976.

Brinser, Ayers. “History of the Administration of Rationing in the United States During the Second World War.” Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1951.

Carpenter, Stephanie A. On the Farm Front: The Women's Land Army in World War II. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003.

Casdorph, Paul D. Let the Good Times Roll: Life at Home in America During World War II. New York: Paragon House, 1989.

Fox, Richard Wightman and T.J. Jackson Lears, eds. The Power of Culture: Critical Essays in American History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

Griffith, Robert. “The Selling of America: The Advertising Council and American Politics, 1942-1960.” The Business History Review 57, n. 3 (Autumn, 1983): 388-412.

Hartmann, Susan M. The Home Front and Beyond: American Women in the 1940s. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982.

Hixson, Walter L. The American Experience in World War II, Volume 1. London: Routledge, 2003.

Honey, Maureen. Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender, and Propaganda During World War II. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1984.

Jacobs, Meg. “'How About Some Meat?': The Office of Price Administration, Consumption Politics, and State Building from the Bottom Up, 1941-1946.” The Journal of American History 84, No. 3 (Dec., 1997): 910-941.

Jacobs, Meg. Pocketbook Politics: Economic Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Leff, Mark H. “The Politics of Sacrifice on the American Home Front in World War II.” The Journal of American History 77, no. 4 (1991): 1296-1318.

Lingeman, Richard R. Don't You Know There's a War On? The American Homefront, 1941-1945. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1970.

Stott, William. Documentary Expression and Thirties America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.

Straub, Eleanor F. “United States Government Policy toward Civilian Women during World War II.” Prologue 5 (Winter 1973): 240-54.

Thompson, John A. Reformers and War: American Progressive Publicists and the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Trachtenberg, Alan. The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982.

Ward, Barbara McLean, ed. Produce and Conserve, Share and Play Square: The Grocer and the Consumer on the Home-Front Battlefield during World War II. Portsmouth, NH: Strawberry Banke Museum, 1994.

Westbrook, Robert B. “Fighting for the American Family: Private Interests and Political Obligation in World War II.” In The Power of Culture: Critical Essays in American History, edited by Richard Fox and T. Jackson Lears. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970: 195-221.

Westbrook, Robert B. “'I Want a Girl Just Like the Girl That Married Henry James': American Women and the Problem of Democratic Obligation in World War II.“ American Quarterly 42 (December 1990): 587-614.

Wiebe, Robert. The Search for Order 1877-1920. New York: Hill and Wang, 1967.

Winkler, Allan M. Home Front U.S.A.: America During World War II. Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1986.